The five-forces model of competition (as shown in Figure 3.3) does not include

competitive pressures from companies in other industries selling substitute products

competitive pressures stemming from the exercise of supplier bargaining power.

competitive pressures stemming from the exercise of buyer (or customer) bargaining power.

competitive pressures triggered by the unexpected appearance of new and powerful driving forces.

competitive pressures stemming from the threat of new entrants into the market.